Structures of Metal from: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/structures/metals.html

• metals are large groups of metallic bonded atoms
• most metals are densely packed with as many atoms as will fit
• each atom is surrounded by 12 other atoms (6 on each layer)
• 3 atoms below and 3 above
• some metals have only 8 adjacent neighbors
• this is the perfect world scenario
• there are irregularities
• due to the strength of metallic bonds metals have high melting and boiling points
• metallic structure allows for tri-demensional electron movement
• liquid metals coduct electricity as well
• as long as atoms are touching electrons may be transfered
• thermal conductivity is the same as electric conductivity
• malleability and ductility are possible due to the ability of metallic atoms to slide over eachother
• minor amounts of stress may be resisted to the point of metal retaining its shape
• a lack of regularity in grain boundries prohibits the sliding of atoms
• the more individual grains their are the more likely there is to be irregularities and thus the harder the metal
• stress and pressure increase the amount of grains by breaking down large grains thus making metals harder
• harder the metal the more brittle
• heating of metal resets the grains and sets them into a more regular shape thus restoring malleability
• cold working makes metal harder by breaking up metal grains and producing smaller ones
• 
  

Work Hardening from: http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1017v2/css/h1017v2_88.htm

• Work hardneing is the appearent hardening of metal due to plastic deformation, changing the shape or size of an object due to applied force.
• makes metal more resistant to change in form
• makes metal more brittle
• requires more stress to deform as metal hardens
• smaller grain size makes for harder metal
• larger grain size makes for more malleable metal

metallurgy notes from: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab16

• metal most important to man
• no one knows how metallurgy started
• beginnings of metallurgy similar to discovery of fire
• think of life without metal
• around 6000 or 7000b.c.e. start of use of copper
• earliest found in Anatolia
• discovery of metal probably an acciedent
• copper found in azurite and malachite
• objects made from smelted copper in 3800B.C.E. in Iran
• huge copper deposits on Cyprus brought island great wealth in trade around 3000b.c.e.
• alloys may have also between an accident
• first know alloys are tin and copper for bronze
• first bronze used in Sumer at Ur in 2800 b.c.e.
• bronze spread to indus valley in 2500b.c.e
• bronze spread to west and central europe around 2000b.c.e
• up till this point bronze was mainly a weapon and luxury item
• chinese shang dynasty discovered bronze around 1500b.c.e
• iron comes next
• iron full of impurities
• must be smelted multiple times to separate impurities from iron metal
• iron used before 2000b.c.e but not widely used until 1500b.c.e
• Hitties in Anatolia first to use iron
• 11th century steel was discovered by super heating iron with charcoal or high carbon fuel and quickly cooling the iron
• 11th century starts iron age in middle east
• 1528degrees Celsius to melt iron
• 1300 degrees Celsius to melt tin and copper
• 513b.c.e. Chinese created first furnace hot enough to melt iron
• first European iron foundry built in england in 1161b.c.e
• 1709 Abraham Darby discovered that iron could be smelted with coke instead of charcoal
• 1779 first iron bridge constructed
• 1784 puddling discovered by Cort
• Cort made first rolling mill which became center of steel production industry
  

Vocab from: http://metals.about.com/library/bldef-Grain-Size-Measurement.htm, and from: http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=ore

ore (a mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined)

element (any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter)

malleable(capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out) "ductile copper"; "malleable metals such as gold"; "they soaked the leather to made it pliable"; "pliant molten glass"; "made of highly tensile steel alloy"

ductile, (see malleable)

atom ((physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element)

crystal (a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular atomic structure)

Metallic bonding is the electromagnetic interaction between delocalized electrons, called conduction electrons and gathered in an "electron sea"

electron sea, group of electrons in metal

conductor (a substance that readily attracts e.g. electricity and heat)

hardness (the property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily scratched; measured on Mohs scale) or the ability of metal to resist being permanently deformed

Mohs Scale, characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material

toughness, the ability of metal to absorb a sudden shock

brittle, ((of metal or glass) not annealed and consequently easily cracked or fractured)

alloy, (a mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten) "brass is an alloy of zinc and copper"

dislocation a defect or fault i the crystaline structure of metal

work hardening the effect caused by gradual increase in dislocations due to deforming or bending of the metal, which results in the eventual loss of ductility and increased resistance to motion

anneal, (bring to a desired consistency, texture, or hardness by a process of gradually heating and cooling) "temper glass"

smelt (extract (metals) by heating)

coke, the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes from coal are grey, hard, and porous

rolling mill, steel mill where metal is rolled into sheets and bars

puddling is a means of making iron and steel by stirring molten iron in a reverberatory furnace with iron rods, which were consumed in the process

Fatigue failure, the fracturing of metal due to excessive fatigue or pressure which cause microscopic fractures or breaks in the metal which eventually fan out and expand to form a crack large enough to disable the peice of metal or break it entirely

work hardening, the increasing brittleness and hardness due to strain beyond a metal's yield point, or plastic deformation

plastic deformation, deformation is a change in the shape or size of an object due to an applied force

Grains are the groups of regularly structured metallic atoms in a piece of metal

metals are defined as atoms being shiny and being good conductors